XXI Music

1. Fried, R. (1990). Integrating Music in Breathing Training and Relaxation: I. Background, Rationale, and Relevant Elements. Biofeedback and Self-Regulation, 15(2), 161-169.
This paper discusses the different types of music and their effects on various states of consciousness and autonomic functions.

2. Fried, R. (1990). Integrating Music in Breathing Training and Relaxation: II. Applications. Biofeedback and Self-Regulation, 15(2), 171 ~ 177.
This paper gives an illustrative example of the use of music in breathing and relaxation exercises. The physiological effects are demonstrated by measuring expired carbon dioxide and brain wave functions.

3. Good, M. Effects on relaxation and music on postoperative pain: a review. Journal of Advanced Nursing. 24(5):905-14, 1996 Nov.

4. Koch ME. Kain ZN. Ayoub C. Rosenbaum SH. The sedative and analgesic sparing effect of music. Anesthesiology. 89(2):300-6, 1998 Aug.

5. Rider, M.S. (1987). Treating Chronic Disease and Pain with Music-Mediated Imagery. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 14, 113-120.
This article describes a technique utilizing improvised music and imagery in the management of chronic pain and disease. The patients described in the three case studies were seen in group music therapy sessions as part of an outpatient private practice. The music was carefully produces to both reflect and guide natural images toward mental healing states. Research documenting physiological responses concomitant to and congruent with healing imagery are also discussed.

6. Rider, M.S. & Achterberg, J. (1989). Effect of Music-Assisted Imagery on Neutrophils and Lymphocytes. Biofeedback and Self-Regulation, 14(3),247-257.
The purpose of the study as to determine the effects of cell-specific mental imagery on neutrophil and lymphocyte cell counts. Thirty subjects were randomly assigned to one of two experimental groups that underwent a 6-week training program focusing on images of morphology, location and movement of either neutrophils or lymphocytes. Music was used to enhance the imagery of the subjects. Peripheral white blood cell and differential counts were determined before and after the final imagery session. Results indicated that neutrophils decreased significantly in the neutrophil-change group while lymphocytes did not. The reverse occurred in the Iymphocyte~change group with only the lymphocytes decreasing significantly. These results provide tentative support for the notion that metal processes, such as those associated with biological images, may have specific effects on subpopulations of the immune system.

7. Weber, S Volkmar, N. Wilmmanns, Wolfgang, W. A pilot study on the influence of receptive music listening on cancer patients during chemotherapy. International Journal of Arts Medicine. 5(2):27-35,1997.